An outline is a line that is drawn around elements, OUTSIDE the borders, to make the element “stand out”.

a:link – a normal, unvisited link
a:visited – a link the user has visited
a:hover – a link when the user mouses over it
a:active – a link the moment it is clicked
/* unvisited link */
a:link {
color: red;
}

/* visited link */
a:visited {
color: green;
}

/* mouse over link */
a:hover {
color: hotpink;
}

/* selected link */
a:active {
color: blue;
}

ul.a {
list-style-type: circle;
}

ul.b {
list-style-type: square;
}

ol.c {
list-style-type: upper-roman;
}

ol.d {
list-style-type: lower-alpha;
}

ul {
list-style-image: url(‘sqpurple.gif’);
}

th {
text-align: left;
}

td {
height: 50px;
vertical-align: bottom;
}

display: none

h1.hidden {
visibility: hidden;
}

The position property specifies the type of positioning method used for an element.

There are five different position values:

static
relative
fixed
absolute
sticky

HTML elements are positioned static by default.

Static positioned elements are not affected by the top, bottom, left, and right properties.

An element with position: static; is not positioned in any special way; it is always positioned according to the normal flow of the page:

position: relative;

An element with position: relative; is positioned relative to its normal position.

Setting the top, right, bottom, and left properties of a relatively-positioned element will cause it to be adjusted away from its normal position. Other content will not be adjusted to fit into any gap left by the element.

position: fixed;

An element with position: fixed; is positioned relative to the viewport, which means it always stays in the same place even if the page is scrolled. The top, right, bottom, and left properties are used to position the element.

A fixed element does not leave a gap in the page where it would normally have been located.

position: absolute;

An element with position: absolute; is positioned relative to the nearest positioned ancestor (instead of positioned relative to the viewport, like fixed).

However; if an absolute positioned element has no positioned ancestors, it uses the document body, and moves along with page scrolling.

Note: A “positioned” element is one whose position is anything except static.

position: sticky;

An element with position: sticky; is positioned based on the user’s scroll position.

A sticky element toggles between relative and fixed, depending on the scroll position. It is positioned relative until a given offset position is met in the viewport – then it “sticks” in place (like position:fixed).

CSS Overflow

The overflow property specifies whether to clip the content or to add scrollbars when the content of an element is too big to fit in the specified area.

The overflow property has the following values:

visible – Default. The overflow is not clipped. The content renders outside the element’s box
hidden – The overflow is clipped, and the rest of the content will be invisible
scroll – The overflow is clipped, and a scrollbar is added to see the rest of the content
auto – Similar to scroll, but it adds scrollbars only when necessary

Note: The overflow property only works for block elements with a specified height.

div {
overflow-x: hidden; /* Hide horizontal scrollbar */
overflow-y: scroll; /* Add vertical scrollbar */
}

The CSS float property specifies how an element should float.

The CSS clear property specifies what elements can float beside the cleared element and on which side.

The float property is used for positioning and formatting content e.g. let an image float left to the text in a container.

The float property can have one of the following values:

left – The element floats to the left of its container
right – The element floats to the right of its container
none – The element does not float (will be displayed just where it occurs in the text). This is default
inherit – The element inherits the float value of its parent

In its simplest use, the float property can be used to wrap text around images.

The display: inline-block Value

Compared to display: inline, the major difference is that display: inline-block allows to set a width and height on the element.

Also, with display: inline-block, the top and bottom margins/paddings are respected, but with display: inline they are not.

Compared to display: block, the major difference is that display: inline-block does not add a line-break after the element, so the element can sit next to other elements.

CSS Combinators

A combinator is something that explains the relationship between the selectors.

A CSS selector can contain more than one simple selector. Between the simple selectors, we can include a combinator.

There are four different combinators in CSS:

Descendant Selector

The descendant selector matches all elements that are descendants of a specified element.

The following example selects all <p> elements inside <div> elements:

Example

div p {
background-color: yellow;
}

descendant selector (space)
child selector (>)
adjacent sibling selector (+)
general sibling selector (~)

Child Selector

The child selector selects all elements that are the children of a specified element.

The following example selects all <p> elements that are children of a <div> element:

Example

div > p {
background-color: yellow;
}

Adjacent Sibling Selector

The adjacent sibling selector selects all elements that are the adjacent siblings of a specified element.

Sibling elements must have the same parent element, and “adjacent” means “immediately following”.

The following example selects all <p> elements that are placed immediately after <div> elements:

Example

div + p {
background-color: yellow;
}

General Sibling Selector

The general sibling selector selects all elements that are siblings of a specified element.

The following example selects all <p> elements that are siblings of <div> elements:

Example

div ~ p {
background-color: yellow;
}

What are Pseudo-classes?

A pseudo-class is used to define a special state of an element.

For example, it can be used to:

Style an element when a user mouses over it
Style visited and unvisited links differently
Style an element when it gets focus

The syntax of pseudo-classes:

selector:pseudo-class {
property:value;
}

Pseudo-classes and CSS Classes

Pseudo-classes can be combined with CSS classes:

When you hover over the link in the example, it will change color:

Example

a.highlight:hover {
color: #ff0000;
}

Hover on <div>

An example of using the :hover pseudo-class on a <div> element:

Example

div:hover {
background-color: blue;
}

Simple Tooltip Hover

Hover over a <div> element to show a <p> element (like a tooltip):

Hover over me to show the <p> element.

Example

p {
display: none;
background-color: yellow;
padding: 20px;
}

div:hover p {
display: block;
}

CSS – The :first-child Pseudo-class

The :first-child pseudo-class matches a specified element that is the first child of another element.

Match the first <p> element

In the following example, the selector matches any <p> element that is the first child of any element:

Example

p:first-child {
color: blue;
}

Match the first <i> element in all <p> elements

In the following example, the selector matches the first <i> element in all <p> elements:

Example

p i:first-child {
color: blue;
}

Match all <i> elements in all first child <p> elements

In the following example, the selector matches all <i> elements in <p> elements that are the first child of another element:

Example

p:first-child i {
color: blue;
}

What are Pseudo-Elements?

A CSS pseudo-element is used to style specified parts of an element.

For example, it can be used to:

Style the first letter, or line, of an element
Insert content before, or after, the content of an element

The ::first-line Pseudo-element

The ::first-line pseudo-element is used to add a special style to the first line of a text.

The following example formats the first line of the text in all <p> elements:

Example

p::first-line {
color: #ff0000;
font-variant: small-caps;
}

Note: The ::first-line pseudo-element can only be applied to block-level elements.

The following properties apply to the ::first-line pseudo-element:

font properties
color properties
background properties
word-spacing
letter-spacing
text-decoration
vertical-align
text-transform
line-height
clear

Notice the double colon notation – ::first-line versus :first-line

The double colon replaced the single-colon notation for pseudo-elements in CSS3. This was an attempt from W3C to distinguish between pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements.

The single-colon syntax was used for both pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements in CSS2 and CSS1.

For backward compatibility, the single-colon syntax is acceptable for CSS2 and CSS1 pseudo-elements.

The ::first-letter Pseudo-element

The ::first-letter pseudo-element is used to add a special style to the first letter of a text.

The following example formats the first letter of the text in all <p> elements:

Example

p::first-letter {
color: #ff0000;
font-size: xx-large;
}

Note: The ::first-letter pseudo-element can only be applied to block-level elements.

The following properties apply to the ::first-letter pseudo- element:

font properties
color properties
background properties
margin properties
padding properties
border properties
text-decoration
vertical-align (only if “float” is “none”)
text-transform
line-height
float
clear

Pseudo-elements and CSS Classes

Pseudo-elements can be combined with CSS classes:

Example

p.intro::first-letter {
color: #ff0000;
font-size:200%;
}

The example above will display the first letter of paragraphs with class=”intro”, in red and in a larger size.

Multiple Pseudo-elements

Several pseudo-elements can also be combined.

In the following example, the first letter of a paragraph will be red, in an xx-large font size. The rest of the first line will be blue, and in small-caps. The rest of the paragraph will be the default font size and color:

Example

p::first-letter {
color: #ff0000;
font-size: xx-large;
}

p::first-line {
color: #0000ff;
font-variant: small-caps;
}

CSS – The ::before Pseudo-element

The ::before pseudo-element can be used to insert some content before the content of an element.

The following example inserts an image before the content of each <h1> element:

Example

h1::before {
content: url(smiley.gif);
}

CSS – The ::after Pseudo-element

The ::after pseudo-element can be used to insert some content after the content of an element.

The following example inserts an image after the content of each <h1> element:

Example

h1::after {
content: url(smiley.gif);
}

CSS – The ::selection Pseudo-element

The ::selection pseudo-element matches the portion of an element that is selected by a user.

The following CSS properties can be applied to ::selection: color, background, cursor, and outline.

The following example makes the selected text red on a yellow background:

Example

::selection {
color: red;
background: yellow;
}

All CSS Pseudo Elements

Selector	Example	Example description
::after	p::after	Insert something after the content of each <p> element
::before	p::before	Insert something before the content of each <p> element
::first-letter	p::first-letter	Selects the first letter of each <p> element
::first-line	p::first-line	Selects the first line of each <p> element
::selection	p::selection	Selects the portion of an element that is selected by a user

All CSS Pseudo Classes

Selector	Example	Example description
:active	a:active	Selects the active link
:checked	input:checked	Selects every checked <input> element
:disabled	input:disabled	Selects every disabled <input> element
:empty	p:empty	Selects every <p> element that has no children
:enabled	input:enabled	Selects every enabled <input> element
:first-child	p:first-child	Selects every <p> elements that is the first child of its parent
:first-of-type	p:first-of-type	Selects every <p> element that is the first <p> element of its parent
:focus	input:focus	Selects the <input> element that has focus
:hover	a:hover	Selects links on mouse over
:in-range	input:in-range	Selects <input> elements with a value within a specified range
:invalid	input:invalid	Selects all <input> elements with an invalid value
:lang(language)	p:lang(it)	Selects every <p> element with a lang attribute value starting with “it”
:last-child	p:last-child	Selects every <p> elements that is the last child of its parent
:last-of-type	p:last-of-type	Selects every <p> element that is the last <p> element of its parent
:link	a:link	Selects all unvisited links
:not(selector)	:not(p)	Selects every element that is not a <p> element
:nth-child(n)	p:nth-child(2)	Selects every <p> element that is the second child of its parent
:nth-last-child(n)	p:nth-last-child(2)	Selects every <p> element that is the second child of its parent, counting from the last child
:nth-last-of-type(n)	p:nth-last-of-type(2)	Selects every <p> element that is the second <p> element of its parent, counting from the last child
:nth-of-type(n)	p:nth-of-type(2)	Selects every <p> element that is the second <p> element of its parent
:only-of-type	p:only-of-type	Selects every <p> element that is the only <p> element of its parent
:only-child	p:only-child	Selects every <p> element that is the only child of its parent
:optional	input:optional	Selects <input> elements with no “required” attribute
:out-of-range	input:out-of-range	Selects <input> elements with a value outside a specified range
:read-only	input:read-only	Selects <input> elements with a “readonly” attribute specified
:read-write	input:read-write	Selects <input> elements with no “readonly” attribute
:required	input:required	Selects <input> elements with a “required” attribute specified
:root	root	Selects the document’s root element
:target	#news:target	Selects the current active #news element (clicked on a URL containing that anchor name)
:valid	input:valid	Selects all <input> elements with a valid value
:visited	a:visited	Selects all visited links

Horizontal Navigation Bar Examples

Create a basic horizontal navigation bar with a dark background color and change the background color of the links when the user moves the mouse over them:

Example

ul {
list-style-type: none;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
overflow: hidden;
background-color: #333;
}

li {
float: left;
}

li a {
display: block;
color: white;
text-align: center;
padding: 14px 16px;
text-decoration: none;
}

/* Change the link color to #111 (black) on hover */
li a:hover {
background-color: #111;
}

Active/Current Navigation Link

Add an “active” class to the current link to let the user know which page he/she is on:

Example

.active {
background-color: #4CAF50;
}

This example is similar to the previous one, except that we add links inside the dropdown box and style them to fit a styled dropdown button:

Example

Image Gallery

The following image gallery is created with CSS:

Example

<html>
<head>
<style>
div.gallery {
  margin: 5px;
border: 1px solid #ccc;
  float: left;
  width: 180px;
}

div.gallery:hover {
  border: 1px solid #777;
}

div.gallery img {
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
}

div.desc {
padding: 15px;
text-align: center;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<div class=”gallery”>
<a target=”_blank” href=”img_5terre.jpg”>
    <img src=”img_5terre.jpg” alt=”Cinque Terre” width=”600″ height=”400″>
</a>
<div class=”desc”>Add a description of the image here</div>
</div>

<div class=”gallery”>
<a target=”_blank” href=”img_forest.jpg”>
    <img src=”img_forest.jpg” alt=”Forest” width=”600″ height=”400″>
</a>
<div class=”desc”>Add a description of the image here</div>
</div>

<div class=”gallery”>
<a target=”_blank” href=”img_lights.jpg”>
    <img src=”img_lights.jpg” alt=”Northern Lights” width=”600″ height=”400″>
</a>
<div class=”desc”>Add a description of the image here</div>
</div>

<div class=”gallery”>
<a target=”_blank” href=”img_mountains.jpg”>
    <img src=”img_mountains.jpg” alt=”Mountains” width=”600″ height=”400″>
</a>
<div class=”desc”>Add a description of the image here</div>
</div>

</body>
</html>

All CSS Attribute Selectors

Selector	Example	Example description
[attribute]	[target]	Selects all elements with a target attribute
[attribute=value]	[target=_blank]	Selects all elements with target=”_blank”
[attribute~=value]	[title~=flower]	Selects all elements with a title attribute containing the word “flower”
[attribute\|=value]	[lang\|=en]	Selects all elements with a lang attribute value starting with “en”
[attribute^=value]	a[href^=”https”]	Selects every <a> element whose href attribute value begins with “https”
[attribute$=value]	a[href$=”.pdf”]	Selects every <a> element whose href attribute value ends with “.pdf”
[attribute=value*]	a[href*=”w3schools”]	Selects every <a> element whose href attribute value contains the substring “w3schools”

CSS border-radius Property

The CSS border-radius property defines the radius of an element’s corners.

Example

#rcorners1 {
  border-radius: 25px;
  background: #73AD21;
  padding: 20px;
  width: 200px;
  height: 150px;
}

#rcorners2 {
  border-radius: 25px;
  border: 2px solid #73AD21;
  padding: 20px;
  width: 200px;
  height: 150px;
}

#rcorners3 {
  border-radius: 25px;
  background: url(paper.gif);
  background-position: left top;
background-repeat: repeat;
  padding: 20px;
  width: 200px;
  height: 150px;
}

CSS border-image Property

#borderimg {
border: 10px solid transparent;
padding: 15px;
border-image: url(border.png) 30 round;
}

CSS Multiple Backgrounds

#example1 {
  background-image: url(img_flwr.gif), url(paper.gif);
  background-position: right bottom, left top;
  background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat;
}

CSS Linear Gradients

To create a linear gradient you must define at least two color stops. Color stops are the colors you want to render smooth transitions among. You can also set a starting point and a direction (or an angle) along with the gradient effect.

background-image: linear-gradient(direction, color-stop1, color-stop2, …);

Linear Gradient – Top to Bottom (this is default)

The following example shows a linear gradient that starts at the top. It starts red, transitioning to yellow:

Example

#grad {
background-image: linear-gradient(red, yellow);
}

CSS Shadow Effects

With CSS you can add shadow to text and to elements.

In this chapter you will learn about the following properties:

text-shadow
box-shadow

h1 {
text-shadow: 2px 2px;
}

Multiple Shadows

To add more than one shadow to the text, you can add a comma-separated list of shadows.

The following example shows a red and blue neon glow shadow:

h1 {
text-shadow: 0 0 3px #FF0000, 0 0 5px #0000FF;
}

CSS box-shadow Property

The CSS box-shadow property applies shadow to elements.

In its simplest use, you only specify the horizontal shadow and the vertical shadow:

div {
box-shadow: 10px 10px;
}

div {
box-shadow: 10px 10px grey;
}

CSS Transitions

Specify the Speed Curve of the Transition

The transition-timing-function property specifies the speed curve of the transition effect.

The transition-timing-function property can have the following values:

ease – specifies a transition effect with a slow start, then fast, then end slowly (this is default)
linear – specifies a transition effect with the same speed from start to end
ease-in – specifies a transition effect with a slow start
ease-out – specifies a transition effect with a slow end
ease-in-out – specifies a transition effect with a slow start and end
cubic-bezier(n,n,n,n) – lets you define your own values in a cubic-bezier function

The following example shows the some of the different speed curves that can be used:

Example

#div1 {transition-timing-function: linear;}
#div2 {transition-timing-function: ease;}
#div3 {transition-timing-function: ease-in;}
#div4 {transition-timing-function: ease-out;}
#div5 {transition-timing-function: ease-in-out;}

What are CSS Animations?

An animation lets an element gradually change from one style to another.

You can change as many CSS properties you want, as many times you want.

To use CSS animation, you must first specify some keyframes for the animation.

Keyframes hold what styles the element will have at certain times.

The @keyframes Rule

When you specify CSS styles inside the @keyframes rule, the animation will gradually change from the current style to the new style at certain times.

To get an animation to work, you must bind the animation to an element.

The following example binds the “example” animation to the <div> element. The animation will last for 4 seconds, and it will gradually change the background-color of the <div> element from “red” to “yellow”:

Example

/* The animation code */
@keyframes example {
from {background-color: red;}
to {background-color: yellow;}
}

/* The element to apply the animation to */
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: red;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 4s;
}

Tooltip

A tooltip is often used to specify extra information about something when the user moves the mouse pointer over an element:

Example

Example Explained

HTML: Use a container element (like <div>) and add the "tooltip" class to it. When the user mouse over this <div>, it will show the tooltip text.

The tooltip text is placed inside an inline element (like <span>) with class="tooltiptext".

CSS: The tooltip class use position:relative, which is needed to position the tooltip text (position:absolute). Note: See examples below on how to position the tooltip.

The tooltiptext class holds the actual tooltip text. It is hidden by default, and will be visible on hover (see below). We have also added some basic styles to it: 120px width, black background color, white text color, centered text, and 5px top and bottom padding.

The CSS border-radius property is used to add rounded corners to the tooltip text.

The :hover selector is used to show the tooltip text when the user moves the mouse over the <div> with class="tooltip".

CSS Multi-column Layout

The CSS multi-column layout allows easy definition of multiple columns of text – just like in newspapers

CSS Multi-columns Properties

The following table lists all the multi-columns properties:

Property	Description
column-count	Specifies the number of columns an element should be divided into
column-fill	Specifies how to fill columns
column-gap	Specifies the gap between the columns
column-rule	A shorthand property for setting all the column-rule-* properties
column-rule-color	Specifies the color of the rule between columns
column-rule-style	Specifies the style of the rule between columns
column-rule-width	Specifies the width of the rule between columns
column-span	Specifies how many columns an element should span across
column-width	Specifies a suggested, optimal width for the columns
columns	A shorthand property for setting column-width and column-count

CSS Box Sizing

The CSS box-sizing property allows us to include the padding and border in an element’s total width and height.

Without the CSS box-sizing Property

By default, the width and height of an element is calculated like this:

width + padding + border = actual width of an element
height + padding + border = actual height of an element

This means: When you set the width/height of an element, the element often appears bigger than you have set (because the element’s border and padding are added to the element’s specified width/height).

CSS Flexbox Layout Module

Before the Flexbox Layout module, there were four layout modes:

Block, for sections in a webpage
Inline, for text
Table, for two-dimensional table data
Positioned, for explicit position of an element

The Flexible Box Layout Module, makes it easier to design flexible responsive layout structure without using float or positioning.

The following table lists the CSS properties used with flexbox:

Property	Description
display	Specifies the type of box used for an HTML element
flex-direction	Specifies the direction of the flexible items inside a flex container
justify-content	Horizontally aligns the flex items when the items do not use all available space on the main-axis
align-items	Vertically aligns the flex items when the items do not use all available space on the cross-axis
flex-wrap	Specifies whether the flex items should wrap or not, if there is not enough room for them on one flex line
align-content	Modifies the behavior of the flex-wrap property. It is similar to align-items, but instead of aligning flex items, it aligns flex lines
flex-flow	A shorthand property for flex-direction and flex-wrap
order	Specifies the order of a flexible item relative to the rest of the flex items inside the same container
align-self	Used on flex items. Overrides the container’s align-items property
flex	A shorthand property for the flex-grow, flex-shrink, and the flex-basis properties

CSS2 Introduced Media Types

The @media rule, introduced in CSS2, made it possible to define different style rules for different media types.

Examples: You could have one set of style rules for computer screens, one for printers, one for handheld devices, one for television-type devices, and so on.

Unfortunately these media types never got a lot of support by devices, other than the print media type.

CSS Media Queries

CSS3 Introduced Media Queries

Media queries in CSS3 extended the CSS2 media types idea: Instead of looking for a type of device, they look at the capability of the device.

Media queries can be used to check many things, such as:

width and height of the viewport
width and height of the device
orientation (is the tablet/phone in landscape or portrait mode?)
resolution

Using media queries are a popular technique for delivering a tailored style sheet to desktops, laptops, tablets, and mobile phones (such as iPhone and Android phones).

CSS3 Media Types

Value	Description
all	Used for all media type devices
print	Used for printers
screen	Used for computer screens, tablets, smart-phones etc.
speech	Used for screenreaders that “reads” the page out loud

Media Queries Simple Examples

One way to use media queries is to have an alternate CSS section right inside your style sheet.

The following example changes the background-color to lightgreen if the viewport is 480 pixels wide or wider (if the viewport is less than 480 pixels, the background-color will be pink):

Example

@media screen and (min-width: 480px) {
body {
background-color: lightgreen;
}
}

What is Responsive Web Design?

Responsive web design makes your web page look good on all devices.

Responsive web design uses only HTML and CSS.

Responsive web design is not a program or a JavaScript.

What is The Viewport?

The viewport is the user’s visible area of a web page.

The viewport varies with the device, and will be smaller on a mobile phone than on a computer screen.

Before tablets and mobile phones, web pages were designed only for computer screens, and it was common for web pages to have a static design and a fixed size.

Then, when we started surfing the internet using tablets and mobile phones, fixed size web pages were too large to fit the viewport. To fix this, browsers on those devices scaled down the entire web page to fit the screen.

This was not perfect!! But a quick fix.

Setting The Viewport

HTML5 introduced a method to let web designers take control over the viewport, through the <meta> tag.

You should include the following <meta> viewport element in all your web pages:

A <meta> viewport element gives the browser instructions on how to control the page’s dimensions and scaling.

The width=device-width part sets the width of the page to follow the screen-width of the device (which will vary depending on the device).

The initial-scale=1.0 part sets the initial zoom level when the page is first loaded by the browser.

Here is an example of a web page without the viewport meta tag, and the same web page with the viewport meta tag:

Tip: If you are browsing this page with a phone or a tablet, you can click on the two links below to see the difference.

Size Content to The Viewport

Users are used to scroll websites vertically on both desktop and mobile devices – but not horizontally!

So, if the user is forced to scroll horizontally, or zoom out, to see the whole web page it results in a poor user experience.

Some additional rules to follow:

1. Do NOT use large fixed width elements – For example, if an image is displayed at a width wider than the viewport it can cause the viewport to scroll horizontally. Remember to adjust this content to fit within the width of the viewport.

2. Do NOT let the content rely on a particular viewport width to render well – Since screen dimensions and width in CSS pixels vary widely between devices, content should not rely on a particular viewport width to render well.

3. Use CSS media queries to apply different styling for small and large screens – Setting large absolute CSS widths for page elements will cause the element to be too wide for the viewport on a smaller device. Instead, consider using relative width values, such as width: 100%. Also, be careful of using large absolute positioning values. It may cause the element to fall outside the viewport on small devices.

Always Design for Mobile First

Mobile First means designing for mobile before designing for desktop or any other device (This will make the page display faster on smaller devices).

This means that we must make some changes in our CSS.

Instead of changing styles when the width gets smaller than 768px, we should change the design when the width gets larger than 768px. This will make our design Mobile First:

Example

/* For mobile phones: */
[class*=”col-“] {
width: 100%;
}

@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  /* For desktop: */
  .col-1 {width: 8.33%;}
  .col-2 {width: 16.66%;}
  .col-3 {width: 25%;}
  .col-4 {width: 33.33%;}
.col-5 {width: 41.66%;}
.col-6 {width: 50%;}
.col-7 {width: 58.33%;}
.col-8 {width: 66.66%;}
  .col-9 {width: 75%;}
  .col-10 {width: 83.33%;}
  .col-11 {width: 91.66%;}
.col-12 {width: 100%;}
}

CSS3 Tutorial

CSS Overflow

The display: inline-block Value

Descendant Selector

Example

Child Selector

Example

Adjacent Sibling Selector

Example

General Sibling Selector

Example

Pseudo-classes and CSS Classes

Example

Hover on <div>

Example

Simple Tooltip Hover

Example

CSS – The :first-child Pseudo-class

Match the first <p> element

Example

Match the first <i> element in all <p> elements

Example

Match all <i> elements in all first child <p> elements

Example

What are Pseudo-Elements?

The ::first-line Pseudo-element

Example

The ::first-letter Pseudo-element

Example

Pseudo-elements and CSS Classes

Example

Multiple Pseudo-elements

Example

CSS – The ::before Pseudo-element

Example

CSS – The ::after Pseudo-element

Example

CSS – The ::selection Pseudo-element

Example

Horizontal Navigation Bar Examples

Example

Active/Current Navigation Link

Example

Example

Image Gallery

Example

CSS border-radius Property

Example

CSS border-image Property

CSS Multiple Backgrounds

CSS Linear Gradients

Example

CSS Shadow Effects

Multiple Shadows

CSS box-shadow Property

CSS Transitions

Specify the Speed Curve of the Transition

Example

What are CSS Animations?

The @keyframes Rule

Example

Tooltip

Example

Example Explained

CSS Multi-column Layout

CSS Multi-columns Properties

CSS Box Sizing

Without the CSS box-sizing Property

CSS Media Queries

CSS3 Media Types

Media Queries Simple Examples

Example

What is Responsive Web Design?

What is The Viewport?

Setting The Viewport

Size Content to The Viewport

Always Design for Mobile First

Example

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